įritz J, Howell S (2001) Captive chimpanzee social group formation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 147:255–261įreeman HD, Ross SR (2014) The impact of atypical early histories on pet or performer chimpanzees. Am Psychol 59:676ĭavenport MD, Tiefenbacher S, Lutz CK, Novak MA, Meyer JS (2006) Analysis of endogenous cortisol concentrations in the hair of rhesus macaques. Chapman & Hall, LondonĬohen S (2004) Social relationships and health. Gen Comp Endocrinol 117:427–438īroom DM, Johnson KG (1993) Stress and animal welfare. Association ofīahr NI, Palme R, Mohle U, Hodges JK, Heistermann M (2000) Comparative aspects of the metabolism and excretion of cortisol in three individual nonhuman primates. (02)00037-5ĪZA Ape Taxon Advisory Group (2010) Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Care Manual. These results show that not only aggressive interactions but also overall social situations in which animals do not have balanced relationships with others might result in the long-term elevation of cortisol levels in captive male chimpanzees.Ībbott DH et al (2003) Are subordinates always stressed? A comparative analysis of rank differences in cortisol levels among primates. We did not find social buffering effects, as there was no correlation between mutual social grooming and HC levels. In contrast, the rate of initiating aggression did not have a relationship with either HC levels or any measure of social grooming. Thus, individuals receiving higher levels of aggression also tended to give grooming for relatively long periods compared to the time they were being groomed. We also found a significant negative correlation between the balance between giving and receiving grooming (grooming balance index: GBI), which was calculated by subtracting the rate with which grooming is given from that with which it is received, and the rate of receiving aggression and between the GBI and HC levels. The results revealed that there was a positive correlation between the rate of receiving aggression and HC levels. The hair growth rate was estimated to be 1.33 ± 0.06 cm/month. Hair samples were collected in late March and early April 2015, and cortisol was extracted from the hair and measured with enzyme immunoassay. Behavioral data were collected between December 2014 and March 2015. The subjects were 11 chimpanzees living in an all-male group (divided into two sub-groups) in Kumamoto Sanctuary, Kyoto University, Japan. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between social behaviors and long-term stress levels as assessed by hair cortisol (HC) concentration. This will allow researchers to know whether something is happening at a genetic level to cause the pigmentation patterns we see.Understanding how social relationships affect long-term stress is important because stress has a profound impact on the welfare of animals and social relationships often exert a strong influence on their stress responses. The next step in this research is to look at patterns of gene expression in individual chimpanzee hairs. Or perhaps the lack of change in hair colour allows individuals to identify each other more easily. It may be the case that maintaining dark hair pigmentation is critical to regulating body heat. The research team has hypothesised a number of possible reasons why chimps haven’t evolved the same hair ageing patterns as we have. “But very little work done on an evolutionary framework for why is this something that seems to be so prevalent in humans.” So why don’t chimps go grey in the same way we do?
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“There’s a lot of work done on trying to understand physiology and maybe how to override it,” Dr. Brenda Bradley also noted that most existing research into human hair greying is associated with clinical dermatology and the cosmetic industry. Senior author on the paper and associate professor of anthropology Dr. This research is among the first of its kind to examine pigmentation loss in chimpanzees, or any wild mammals.
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